Qualitative analysts integrate their opinions primarily by:

Qualitative analysts integrate their opinions primarily by employing quantitative adjustments to financial models and valuations. This method allows analysts to take qualitative insights—such as management quality, brand value, and corporate governance—and incorporate them into quantitative frameworks. By adjusting financial models, they can better reflect the intrinsic value of a company or asset based on qualitative factors.

For instance, if an analyst believes that a company possesses strong leadership that could lead to increased performance, they might adjust revenue growth projections or cost assumptions in the financial model. This blending of subjective opinions with objective data is crucial in sustainable investing, where factors such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations are increasingly recognized as influencing financial outcomes.

In contrast, negative screening focuses on excluding certain companies or sectors from the investment portfolio based on predefined ethical criteria and does not inherently factor in qualitative analysis. Qualitative measures alone would not adequately capture the full complexity of investment decision-making, especially when precise quantitative data is necessary to substantiate qualitative insights. The option of "None of the above" implies that there is no integration method used by qualitative analysts, which does not align with the established practices in the field.