What does the term 'environmental justice' refer to?

The term 'environmental justice' refers to the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, in the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. This concept emphasizes the need for all communities to have a voice in decisions that affect their environment and to benefit equally from environmental protections. It addresses systemic inequalities that often result in marginalized groups facing a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards and risks.

By advocating for equal rights to participate in environmental decision-making, environmental justice seeks to ensure that no group of people, especially those historically disadvantaged, suffers adverse environmental impacts while benefiting less from environmental benefits. This aligns with the broader sustainability framework, which integrates social equity with environmental stewardship and economic viability.

The other options do not accurately encapsulate the essence of environmental justice, as they either focus on growth at the expense of protection, imply a more limited strategic agenda, or purely address legal access without the central tenet of fairness and involvement in decision-making processes.