Which of the following is NOT a typical form of collective engagement?

The option indicating internet campaigns that aggregate consumer perspectives is not considered a typical form of collective engagement in the context of sustainable investing and ESG issues. Collective engagement generally involves institutional investors working together to influence corporate behavior and policies, often through formalized mechanisms. In contrast, internet campaigns focusing on consumer views do not directly involve investors collaborating with one another to engage with a company on ESG topics.

Collective engagement typically includes strategies where investors align on certain issues, share insights to affect change within corporations, or utilize stewardship service providers to support their collective efforts. Informal collaboration, specialist stewardship services, and investor associations all reflect methodologies through which investors can pool their efforts and resources in pursuing sustainable outcomes within their portfolios. However, consumer-led internet campaigns fall outside this framework, as they are more oriented towards generating public sentiment or awareness rather than focused investor action. This distinction clarifies why the answer concerning internet campaigns does not fit within the conventional understanding of collective engagement among investors.